Kathmandu nepali Khmau, newari, frherer Name Kantipur ist eine Grostadt in. IAS Mains Self Study Tests by Insights is free test series for UPSC IAS Mains test preparation. Tests are based on prelims test series timetable. Ancient India And Medieval India By R.S. Sharma Pdf' title='Ancient India And Medieval India By R.S. Sharma Pdf' />Bhrat Gaarjya Republic of India Repblica da ndia. The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval. Vedic Civilisation 2000500 BCE Janapadas 1500600 BCE Black and Red ware culture 13001000 BCE Painted Grey Ware culture. Top Posts Pages. Medieval History Satish Chandra 15261748 Part 1 and 2 PDF Download Oxford Atlas 251MB A must have for all Civil Service aspirants. Caste system in India Wikipedia. This article is about socio political stratification in Indian society. For religious stratification in Hinduism, see Varna Hinduism. Gandhi visiting Madras now Chennai in 1. India wide tour for Harijan causes. His speeches during such tours and writings discussed the discriminated against castes of India. The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early modern, and modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. It is today the basis of educational and job reservations in India. It consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the British colonial regime in India. The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities. The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. Between 1. British segregated Indians by caste, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes. Social unrest during the 1. From then on, the colonial administration began a policy of positive discrimination by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes. Caste based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the Indian subcontinent like Nepalese Buddhism,1. Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity,1. Indian Buddhism. 1. New developments took place after India achieved independence, when the policy of caste based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Since 1. 95. 0, the country has enacted many laws and social initiatives to protect and improve the socioeconomic conditions of its lower caste population. These caste classifications for college admission quotas, job reservations and other affirmative action initiatives, according to the Supreme Court of India, are based on heredity and are not changeable. Discrimination against lower castes is illegal in India under Article 1. India tracks violence against Dalits nationwide. Definitions and conceptseditCaste, varna and jatieditVarna literally means means type, order, colour or class. Vedic Indian society. It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts. The four classes were the Brahmins priestly people, the Kshatriyas also called Rajanyas, who were rulers, administrators and warriors, the Vaishyas artisans, merchants, tradesmen and farmers, and Shudras labouring classes. The varna categorisation implicitly had a fifth element, being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people and the untouchables. Jati, meaning birth, is mentioned much less often in ancient texts, where it is clearly distinguished from varna. There are four varnas but thousands of jatis. Basic Powerlifting Routine Program. The jatis are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definition or characteristic, and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed. Some scholars of caste have considered jati to have its basis in religion, assuming that in India the sacred elements of life envelop the secular aspects for example, the anthropologist Louis Dumont described the ritual rankings that exist within the jati system as being based on the concepts of religious purity and pollution. This view has been disputed by other scholars, who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics, and sometimes also geography. Jeaneane Fowler says that although some people consider jati to be occupational segregation, in reality the jati framework does not preclude or prevent a member of one caste from working in another occupation. A feature of jatis has been endogamy, in Susan Baylys words, that both in the past and for many though not all Indians in more modern times, those born into a given caste would normally expect to find marriage partner within his or her jati. Jatis have existed in India among Hindus, Muslims, Christians and tribal people, and there is no clear linear order among them. The term caste is not an Indian word. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is derived from the Portuguese casta, meaning race, lineage, breed and, originally, pure or unmixed stock or breed. There is no exact translation in Indian languages, but varna and jati are the two most proximate terms. Ghuryes 1. 93. 2 opinioneditThe sociologist. G. S. Ghurye wrote in 1. It appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon. On the other hand, much literature on the subject is marred by lack of precision about the use of the term. Ghurye offered what he thought was a definition that could be applied across British India, although he acknowledged that there were regional variations on the general theme. His model definition for caste included the following six characteristics,3. Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth3. A hierarchical system wherein generally the Brahmins were at the head of the hierarchy, but this hierarchy was disputed in some cases. In various linguistic areas, hundreds of castes had a gradation generally acknowledged by everyone3. Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse, with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes. There was a great diversity in these rules, and lower castes generally accepted food from upper castes3. Segregation, where individual castes lived together, the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery. There were restrictions on the use of water wells or streets by one caste on another an upper caste Brahmin might not be permitted to use the street of a lower caste group, while a caste considered impure might not be permitted to draw water from a well used by members of other castes. Occupation, generally inherited. Lack of unrestricted choice of profession, caste members restricted their own members from taking up certain profession they considered degrading. This characteristic of caste was missing from large parts of India, stated Ghurye, and in these regions all four castes Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras did agriculture labour or became warriors in large numbers4. Endogamy, restrictions on marrying a person outside caste, but in some situations hypergamy allowed. Far less rigidity on inter marriage between different sub castes than between members of different castes in some regions, while in some endogamy within a sub caste was the principal feature of caste society. The above Ghuryes model of caste thereafter attracted scholarly criticism4. British India census reports,3. Risley,4. 6 and for fitting his definition to then prevalent colonial orientalist perspectives on caste. Ghurye added, in 1.