Stephen Joshua Sondheim s n d. March 22, 1930 is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a halfcentury of contributions to. The schools and libraries universal service support program, commonly known as the Erate program, helps schools and libraries to obtain affordable broadband. Roundel Round Up Vintage Wings of Canada. By Dave OMalley. If I had a dollar for every time someone asked me, during a tour of Vintage Wings of Canada or at an air show Whaddya call that bullseye thingamajig there or How come the bullseye on the wing has no white in it like the bullseye on the side of the plane or Doesnt Canada have a maple leaf in their bullseye, I would be able to afford my own bullseye emblazoned Spitfire. These curious neophytes, of course, are speaking about the Royal Air Force RAF, Royal Canadian Air Force RCAF and Royal Navy RN roundels which, for nearly a century, have identified aircraft in the service of the King or Queen of the realm. The truth is most people, even those who are knowledgeable about warbirds, have no idea where the roundel comes from, why certain roundels are used on aircraft of a certain vintage, or why there may be three different types of roundels on the same aircraft. This article tries to explain some of the history and demonstrate the use of the various roundel styles over the years. Ecfs After School Program' title='Ecfs After School Program' />I do so at great risk of being labelled a seriously unbalanced, basement dwelling aerogeek, lost in minutia and losing sight of the big picture. I also do so knowing that I actually dont know everything about the esoterica that is roundel usage and run an added risk of being ridiculed by those whose life work is the study of seemingly insignificant details. Despite the risks to my reputation and the possibility that I may be labelled a rivet counting history whore, I do, in fact, find this very interesting stuff. The Royal Air Force roundel of the Second World War is derived from the original Royal Flying Corps RFC roundel of the First World War, which was in turn derived from a traditional martial decorative device known as the cockade. Fieldston_Reunion_134-edit.jpg' alt='Ecfs After School Program' title='Ecfs After School Program' />The cockade is a knot of ribbon, or other circular or oval shaped symbol of distinctive national colours which was usually worn on a soldiers clothing, in particular on head gear. In the 1. 8th and 1. European states used cockades to denote the nationalities of their military. Even Union and Confederate soldiers of the Civil War often wore cockades or rosettes on their dress uniforms and for formal photographs. Along with NCO chevrons, brass buttons, ribbons, awards and epaulettes, the cockade was an item of military dress and distinction. More importantly, its colours were often those of the country it represented. Autodata 3 23 Keygen. Left A commemorative cockade from the French Revolution. Right A bicorn hat, once belonging to Napoleon, decorated with a cockade. When the First World War started in 1. At first, the Union Flag was painted under the wings and on the sides of the fuselages of RFC aircraft. It soon became obvious that, at a distance, the St Georges Cross of the Union Flag could be confused with the Iron Cross that was already being used to identify German aircraft particularly from below and against the glare of the sky. After a Union Flag inside a shield was tried unsuccessfully, it was decided to follow the lead of the French air force which used a circular symbol resembling, and called, a cockade a rosette of red and white with a blue centre. The British reversed the colours and it became the standard marking on Royal Flying Corps aircraft from 1. December 1. 91. 4, although it was well into 1. The Royal Naval Air Service meanwhile briefly used a red ring, without the blue centre, until it was sensibly decided to standardize on the RFC roundel for all British aircraft. The ancestry of the Royal Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force roundel can be traced to the French Revolution and then Napoleonic French soldiers. Counter clockwise from upper right 1 A typical French Cockade of the 1. French Republic flag 2 A French soldiers cap from the 1. Next, we see the original Cockade worn by French military aircraft during the early part of the First World War 4 Finally, the British, who originally used a Union Flag on the fuselages and wings of their military aircraft, decided to copy the French, but reverse the order of the colours. It was thought that the St. Georges Cross in the middle of the Union Flag or Jack, was being misidentified as a German Iron Cross, then in use as an identifier of the enemys aircraft. Coming in line with an allys, and not an opponents, markings was thought to be wise. A Short Admiralty Type 6. Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service the tri coloured Union Flag. It wasnt long before this was replaced by the red, white and blue cockade or roundel. Inset A profile illustration of a similar radial engined Short 1. RAF and RNAS identification device might have looked. The aircraft depicted here would have operated from Naval Air Station Great Yarmouth in the summer of 1. Photo via Steven Bradley, illustration via Mikhail Bykov Wings Palette. There was a short period immediately after the adoption of the French style cockade to identify Royal Flying Corps aircraft, when both devices were employed in the case of this recently downed Royal Aircraft Factory B. E. 2c of 1. 2 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, it was roundels on the fuselage and Union Jacks under the wings. This photograph of German officers posing with their trophy was taken near Phalempin, in northern France, 2. September 1. 91. 5. San Andreas Game Full Version Pc more. The aircraft was later made airworthy again and given German markings, thus adding to the confusion. Image via Brett Drake Goodmans Flickr site. During the First World War, the Royal Flying Corps adopted and adapted the French Flying Service cockade as an identifier. Obviously, no colour photos of its use exist, but this photo taken by one of the worlds best and most well known air to air A2. A photographers, Gavin Conroy of New Zealand, shows us just how it would have looked on this SE5a from Peter Jacksons The Vintage Aviator Co. The centre red circle is much smaller relative to the other rings compared to later RAF roundels of the Second World War. Photo Gavin Conroy. The roundel would undergo many changes before, during, and after the Second World War, all of which have caused much confusion in the minds of the uninitiated. By the end of the war, there were nearly a dozen official variations of the Royal Air Force roundel, and even variations of each of these. Most roundels were painted on at the factory where the aircraft was built, but they were not always executed to the most recent standards. Some roundels were applied as pre made decals at the factory, while, after repairs in the field, other roundels were applied by hand and could have spurious diameter ratios or even additional outlines. There was an official drafted standard for roundel application, describing the type of roundel, its diameter and its exact position on the fuselage and wings for each aircraft type, but the exigencies of an air force at war caused many a roundel to be applied with only a nod to the rules. Roundel sizes are hard to understand. Some fighters had huge Type A 1 roundels wrapping the fuselage, while others in the Southeast Asia had tiny SEAC roundels applied. But I am getting ahead of myself. Then, of course, there is the issue of colours. Before the war, the roundel colours were of a significantly brighter hue than those employed during the war. These brighter colours were known as Identification Red and Identification Blue. As the possibility of hostilities approached, the two colours were made more dull and therefore less visible.